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Key Point: Input + Process = Output
A computer is an electronic machine that helps us do many tasks quickly. It can take information from us (called input), work on that information (called processing), and give results (called output). Computers can also save things so we can use them later.
Computers have two main parts: hardware and software. Hardware is the parts you can touch, like the monitor, keyboard, mouse and the CPU (the computer's brain). Software is the set of programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do, like games, drawing apps, and learning programs.
In short: a computer helps us learn, play, draw, write and solve problems fast and correctly.
Key Point: Computer = Hardware + Software
A computer is an electronic machine that helps us do many tasks quickly. It has many parts that work together. Each part has a special job. In simple words, a computer receives information, thinks about it, and shows the result.
How the parts work together (simple steps):
Care and safety tips: Keep liquids away from the computer, switch it off when not in use, use a clean and dry place, and do not press keys too hard.
Key Point: Diagonal (inches) = √(width² + height²) — how screen size is measured from corner to corner.
A monitor (screen) is the part of the computer that shows pictures, words and videos. It is like a TV for the computer. When you press a key or click the mouse, the computer sends information to the monitor so you can see what is happening.
Simple parts of a monitor:
How a monitor helps you: it shows homework, cartoons, pictures, games and video calls. A monitor can be big or small and can be moved carefully. To keep it working well, do not hit the screen, keep it clean with a soft cloth, and turn it off when not in use.
Easy words about technical ideas:
Safety and care tips:
Key Point: Computer work = Input → Process (CPU) → Output (simple flow idea)
System Unit: The system unit is the big box part of a desktop computer that holds the main electronic parts. It keeps the brain and other important pieces safe. In a laptop, the system unit is built inside the case.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the computer's brain. It follows instructions and does the thinking — for example, adding numbers, following a program or deciding what to show on the screen.
Parts inside the system unit:
How it works (very simple):
Analogy: If the computer were a person, the CPU is like the brain that decides what to do.
Care tip: Keep the system unit clean, dry, and away from dust so parts work well.
Key Point: letter key -> shows that letter on the screen
A keyboard is an input device that looks like a set of buttons or keys. We press keys to type letters, numbers, and symbols so the computer can show words and messages. A keyboard helps us write stories, play games, and tell the computer what to do.
Common key groups:
How it works simply: when you press a key, the keyboard sends a signal to the computer. The computer then shows the letter or action on the screen. For young learners, practice typing slowly with the right fingers and look at the screen to see what appears.
Safety and care: keep the keyboard clean, do not eat or drink over it, and press keys gently. If keys stick, ask an adult to help clean it.
Key Point: Pointer movement on screen ∝ Physical movement of the mouse (move mouse more → pointer moves more).
A mouse is a small hand-held device that helps you move the arrow (cursor) on the computer screen. It is a part of the computer that you use to open folders, click buttons, draw and play games.
Main parts of a mouse:
How to use a mouse (simple actions):
Types (simple): Wired mouse (connects by a cable) and wireless mouse (uses batteries and connects without a wire). Both work the same way to move the pointer.
How to hold the mouse: Place your palm over the mouse, index finger on the left button, middle finger on the right button, and gently move the mouse on the table or mouse pad.
Safety and care: Keep the mouse on a flat surface, do not drop it, change batteries in wireless mice when slow, and keep the sensor area clean.
Key Point: Pages per minute (ppm) = Number of pages printed ÷ Time in minutes. Example: 10 pages ÷ 2 minutes = 5 ppm.
What is a Printer?
A printer is a computer part that makes words, pictures or drawings from the computer appear on paper. It turns things you see on the screen into real paper copies.
How a Printer Works (simple steps)
Types of Printers (easy to understand)
Main Parts of a Printer
Care Tips
Key Point: Image file size (bytes) = width(pixels) × height(pixels) × colour_depth(bits per pixel) ÷ 8
A scanner is an input device that copies pictures or paper pages and turns them into images the computer can show, save or print. It is like a magic window: you place a paper or photo on the scanner glass, the scanner shines a light, reads the picture and sends the digital image to the computer.
How a simple flatbed scanner works (in easy steps):
Common types: flatbed scanner (for photos, drawings, pages), sheet-fed scanner (feeds paper through), handheld scanner (you move it over the picture) and barcode scanners (read codes in shops).
Why we use scanners: to keep school drawings, copy worksheets, save old photos, send documents by email and make digital copies that are easy to store and share.
Key Point: Loudness is related to vibration size: Volume ∝ Amplitude (bigger diaphragm movement → louder sound).
What are Speakers and Headphones?
Speakers and headphones are output devices that let us hear sounds from a computer, tablet, phone or other device. Speakers are usually placed on a desk or in a room so many people can hear. Headphones are small speakers worn on or inside the ears so one person can listen privately.
How they work (simple):
Main parts (simple names):
Types: wired speakers, wireless (Bluetooth) speakers, over-ear headphones, on-ear headphones, in-ear earphones, and earbuds.
Safety tip: Keep the volume at a safe level. A good rule is the 60/60 rule: listen at no more than 60% volume for no more than 60 minutes at a time.
Key Point: f = 1 / T (Frequency f in hertz is the inverse of the period T; tells us pitch — high or low)
What is a microphone?
A microphone is a small device that listens to sound (like your voice) and changes that sound into an electrical signal that a computer or phone can use. It lets the computer 'hear'.
How does it work (in simple words)?
Types (very simple):
Parts (easy words): diaphragm (moves with sound), wire or electronics (change the movement into electricity), connector or wire (sends the signal to the computer).
How we use microphones on a computer: plug in or turn on the mic, open a program (like Voice Recorder or an online class), speak clearly near the mic. The program will show or record your voice.
Care tips: speak from a little distance (not too close), keep the mic dry and clean, don’t drop it.
Key Point: 1 KB = 1024 bytes
What is a storage device? A storage device is a part of a computer that keeps information — like pictures, songs, games and homework — so we can use them later. Storage is like a school bag or cupboard where we keep our things.
Two simple kinds of storage:
Common storage devices (simple descriptions):
How do we use them? We save files (click Save), copy files to a pen drive to move them, put a memory card into a camera to keep photos, or upload files to the cloud to share with friends.
Simple safety tips: Don’t remove a pen drive while files are being copied. Keep discs clean and scratch-free. Don’t drop memory cards or expose drives to water or heat.
Key Point: Power (P) = Voltage (V) × Current (I). Example units: watts = volts × amperes.
Power Supply
A power supply is a device that gives the right kind of electricity for a computer or electronic device. Wall outlets give alternating current (AC). Most electronic parts inside a computer need direct current (DC) at lower voltages. The power supply changes AC from the wall into the DC voltages the computer parts need.
Simple steps of how a common power supply works:
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
A UPS is a small backup system that keeps a computer or other device running for a short time when the electricity goes off. A UPS has a battery inside plus electronics to change the battery power to the same type of power the device needs. This gives time to save work and turn the device off safely.
How a UPS works (simple):
Why they are important
Power supplies feed the computer the correct power. A UPS prevents sudden shutdowns that can cause loss of work or damage to the computer.
Safety tips
Key Point: SAFE (mnemonic): S = Sit properly, A = Ask for help, F = Food and drinks away, E = Electricity safety (dry hands, do not touch sockets).
Care and safety rules are simple actions we follow to keep computers safe and to keep ourselves healthy when using them. If we follow these rules, the computer will work longer and we will not get hurt.
Important rules:
These rules protect the computer from damage (like short circuits and broken parts) and protect you from injuries (like tripping over wires, hurting your back, or damaging your eyes).
Key Point: Input → CPU (process) → Output (simple data flow formula to show how devices work together)
Naming and matching activities help Class 2 students learn the names and jobs of parts of a computer (monitor, keyboard, mouse, CPU/tower, printer, speaker, etc.). These activities use pictures, cards or real objects so children can see a part, say its name and match it to what it does. The goal is to build vocabulary, observation skills and the idea that each part has a job.
How the activity works (simple steps):
Learning outcomes:
Tips for teachers/parents: