Our Body

Body Parts

Our body is made of many parts. Each part has a name and a job. We use different parts to play, eat, walk, talk and learn. Some parts we can see (external parts) and some are inside (internal parts).

External Parts and Their Uses

• Head: holds the face and brain. The face has eyes, nose, mouth and ears.
• Eyes: help us see. We use them to read and watch things.
• Ears: help us hear sounds.
• Nose: helps us smell.
• Mouth: helps us eat and talk. Teeth in the mouth help to chew food.
• Neck: holds the head up and helps it move.
• Arms and Hands: help us pick, hold, write and play. Hands have 5 fingers each.
• Legs and Feet: help us stand, walk, run and jump. Feet have toes (5 on each foot).
• Hair: grows on our head and helps keep the head warm.
• Skin: covers the whole body. It protects the body and helps us feel hot, cold, soft, or rough.

Internal Parts (Simple)

• Brain: works like the boss. It tells the body what to do.
• Heart: pumps blood to the whole body.
• Lungs: help us breathe in air.
• Stomach: helps digest food.

The Five Senses

We have five sense organs. They help us know about the world:

• Eyes: sight (see)
• Ears: hearing (hear)
• Nose: smell (smell)
• Tongue: taste (taste)
• Skin: touch (feel)

How Parts Work Together

Many parts work together. For example, to walk you need legs, feet, bones, muscles and the brain to balance. To eat you need hands, mouth, teeth and stomach.

Care and Safety

• Brush your teeth twice a day to keep the mouth healthy.
• Wash hands before eating and after playing.
• Wear a helmet while cycling and shoes while walking.
• Eat healthy food to keep internal parts strong.
• Keep nails short and clean, and bath regularly.

Fun Facts and Counts

• We usually have: 1 head, 2 eyes, 2 ears, 1 nose, 1 mouth.
• Each hand has 5 fingers. Total fingers = 10. Each foot has 5 toes. Total toes = 10.

What are sense organs? Sense organs are special parts of our body that help us know about the world around us. They send messages to our brain so we can see, hear, smell, taste and feel.

The five sense organs and what they do

• Eyes — help us see. We use eyes to look at colours, shapes, light and movement.
• Ears — help us hear. Ears listen to sounds like people speaking, music and birds.
• Nose — helps us smell. The nose tells us about flowers, food and smoke.
• Tongue — helps us taste. The tongue senses sweet, sour, salty and bitter tastes in food.
• Skin — helps us feel. Our skin senses hot, cold, soft, rough and pain.

How they work (simple)

Each sense organ gets information (stimulus) from the world — light, sound, smell particles, taste chemicals or touch — and sends a message to the brain. The brain tells us what we are seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or feeling.

Care of sense organs

• Keep eyes clean and rest them; don’t look at the sun.
• Protect ears from very loud noise and keep them clean gently.
• Don’t put dirty things in the nose; breathe clean air.
• Wash hands before eating so the tongue tastes food safely.
• Keep skin clean, use warmth and clothing to protect from cold and sun.

What are movements and actions? Movements are when our whole body or a part of the body changes its position. Actions are movements that we do for a purpose, like eating, running or waving. Both happen because our muscles pull on our bones at the joints and our brain tells the muscles what to do.

Types of movements

• Whole-body movements: walking, running, jumping, skipping.
• Body-part movements: bending, stretching, turning the head, waving a hand.
• Internal actions (automatic): breathing, heartbeat, digesting food — these happen without thinking.

How movements happen

• Bones give the body shape and act like a frame.
• Joints are places where bones meet and allow movement (for example, knees and elbows).
• Muscles pull bones to make parts move. The brain and nerves send messages to muscles to start or stop an action.

Why movements and actions are important

• They help us do daily tasks: eat, play, write and dress.
• They keep our body healthy and strong.
• Some actions (like blinking and breathing) protect our body.

What is food? Food is what we eat and drink to give our body energy, help it grow, keep it healthy and repair it when we are hurt or sick.

Why do we need food?

• For energy to play, study and work.
• For growth — children need food to grow taller and stronger.
• To keep our body parts working and to fight illnesses.

Types of food (food groups)

• Cereals and grains: rice, wheat, bread, roti — give energy.
• Pulses and protein foods: dal, beans, eggs, paneer, chicken — help growth and repair.
• Vegetables and fruits: carrots, spinach, apples, bananas — give vitamins and minerals to keep us healthy.
• Milk and milk products: milk, curd — give calcium for strong bones and teeth.
• Fats and oils: oil, ghee — give extra energy (use in small amounts).
• Sugary and salty foods: sweets, chips — taste good but should be eaten only occasionally.

Balanced diet (simple idea)

A balanced diet has foods from all groups in right amounts. This helps a child grow well, gives energy and keeps the body healthy. A simple rule for a meal plate: half the plate should be vegetables and fruits, one quarter should be grains (roti, rice) and one quarter should be proteins (dal, eggs, paneer). Add a cup of milk or curd.

Healthy habits

• Wash hands before eating and after using the toilet.
• Eat meals at regular times (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and have healthy snacks.
• Drink clean water.
• Do not eat too many fried or sugary foods.
• Eat slowly and chew food well.

How food helps the body (simple)

• Carbohydrates (from grains, potatoes) give quick energy.
• Proteins (dal, eggs, milk) help build muscles and repair the body.
• Vitamins and minerals (fruits, vegetables) help eyes, skin and fight infections.
• Fats give stored energy and keep us warm but should be little.

What is breathing?
Breathing is the process by which we take in air (inhale) and push out air (exhale). We breathe to get the oxygen our body needs and to remove carbon dioxide, a waste gas.

Main parts used for breathing

• Nose and mouth: Air enters the body here. The nose cleans and warms the air.
• Windpipe (trachea): A tube that carries air to the lungs.
• Lungs: Two soft, spongy organs that hold air. Tiny tubes in the lungs end in small sacs where oxygen passes into blood.
• Diaphragm: A muscle under the lungs that moves down when we inhale and up when we exhale.

How breathing happens (simple steps)

1. When we inhale, the diaphragm moves down and the chest expands. This makes room for the lungs to fill with air.
2. Oxygen from the air moves into the blood through tiny sacs in the lungs.
3. Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Cells use oxygen to make energy from food.
4. Cells make carbon dioxide as a waste. Blood brings carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
5. When we exhale, the diaphragm moves up and carbon dioxide leaves the body.

Why breathing is important
Every activity — running, thinking, growing, and even sleeping — needs energy. Oxygen from breathing helps release energy from the food we eat. Without breathing, our cells cannot get oxygen and the body cannot work properly.

Healthy breathing tips

• Take slow, deep breaths when calm — this helps the body relax.
• Keep clean air around you: avoid smoke and dust.
• Exercise regularly — it makes lungs stronger.
• If you feel short of breath often, tell an adult and see a doctor.

Connection to other body functions
Breathing supports many body functions: it supplies oxygen for muscles when you run, helps the brain to think, and works with the heart to move oxygen-rich blood around the body. Faster breathing and heartbeat happen during exercise to meet higher oxygen needs.

What is Personal Hygiene and Care? Personal hygiene and care means keeping our body, clothes and surroundings clean to stay healthy and feel good. Good hygiene stops germs from spreading, prevents sickness and helps us make friends.

Important daily habits

• Washing hands: Use soap and water. Wash before eating, after using the toilet, after playing outside and after coughing or sneezing.
• Brushing teeth: Brush for about 2 minutes, twice a day — morning and night — to keep teeth strong and breath fresh.
• Bathing: Bath daily or after heavy play/sweating to remove dirt and germs.
• Hair care & grooming: Keep hair clean and combed; tie long hair while studying or eating.
• Nail care: Trim nails regularly and keep them clean to stop germs hiding under nails.
• Clean clothes: Wear clean clothes and change undergarments daily.
• Food hygiene: Eat fresh, clean food and drink safe water.
• Cough and sneeze etiquette: Cover mouth with a handkerchief or elbow; dispose of tissues properly.

Why it matters for Class 2 children — Keeps you fit to play and study; stops coughs, colds and stomach illnesses; helps you feel confident among friends and teachers.

Simple steps for kids (example: washing hands)

1. Wet hands with clean water.
2. Apply soap and rub well (backs of hands, between fingers, under nails) for about 20 seconds.
3. Rinse under running water.
4. Dry with a clean towel or air dry.

What are rest, sleep and exercise?

Rest means giving your body a break from hard work. Sleep is the quiet time when your body grows and heals. Exercise means moving your body to keep it strong and healthy.

Why they are important:

• Sleep helps you grow, remember lessons, and keeps you happy.
• Rest refreshes your body and mind so you can study and play well.
• Exercise makes muscles and bones strong, keeps the heart healthy and helps you sleep better.

How much for Class 2 children (age about 6–8):

• Sleep: about 9–11 hours each night.
• Exercise: about 60 minutes of active play every day (can be split into short games or playtimes).
• Rest: short quiet times or short naps (if needed) and breaks between study and play.

Signs you are getting enough:

• Waking up fresh and happy.
• Active and able to play without getting very tired quickly.
• Good concentration in class and fewer colds.

Simple tips for good sleep and exercise:

• Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
• Have a calm bedtime routine: bath, story, then lights off.
• Turn off TV, tablets or phones 30–60 minutes before bed.
• Play outside in the morning or evening—running, skipping, cycling or simple games.
• Take short rests between studying or long play sessions.

Clothing helps keep our body safe, clean and comfortable. We wear clothes to stay warm in cold weather, cool in hot weather, and dry in the rain. Clothes also protect our skin from cuts, sunburn, dust and germs. Different clothes are used for different jobs and activities to give special protection.

Types of clothing and how they protect us:

• Everyday clothes: shirts, trousers, dresses and school uniforms keep our body covered and clean.
• Warm clothes: sweaters, jackets, caps and gloves made from wool or thick material keep us warm in winter.
• Cool clothes: cotton shirts, shorts and hats help our body stay cool and allow sweat to evaporate in hot weather.
• Rain protection: raincoats and umbrellas keep us dry during rains.
• Safety and work clothes: helmets, gloves, masks, aprons and safety shoes protect people from cuts, chemicals, heat and falling objects when they work.

How to take care of clothes: wash them regularly, dry them in sunlight when possible, mend small tears, and keep them in a clean place. Choosing the right clothing for the weather and activity helps keep us healthy and safe.

What is Growing? Growing means becoming bigger or older. Our body grows in height, weight, hair, nails and teeth. Children notice they get taller, clothes become small, and shoes feel tight. Growing is a slow, natural process.

What are Changes? Changes are how our body looks or works differently over time. Some changes are part of growing (permanent), like getting taller or losing baby teeth. Other changes are temporary, like getting dirty, sweating, or feeling sleepy.

How does growing happen? Growing happens when we eat healthy food, sleep well, play and exercise, and keep clean. Food gives our body materials and energy to build bones, muscles and new cells. Sleep helps the body rest and repair. Doctors and parents check growth using simple measurements like height and weight.

Types of changes

• Physical changes that show growth: taller height, stronger muscles, longer hair, new teeth.
• Temporary changes: cuts that heal, bruises, dirty clothes, changes in mood or hunger.

How to notice growth Keep a chart or take photos every few months to compare. Measure height against a wall mark or a measuring tape. Ask a parent to record weight on a safe scale. Small regular checks help you see how you are growing.

What is safety? Safety means keeping our body away from things that can hurt us. We follow simple rules to stay safe at home, school, on the road and at play.

Important safety rules (easy to remember):

• Always ask a parent or teacher before doing something new.
• Look left and right before crossing the road and use a zebra crossing. Hold an adult's hand when crossing busy roads.
• Do not talk to or go with strangers. If a stranger offers sweets or gifts, say “No” and tell an adult.
• Avoid touching hot things (stove, kettle) and sharp objects. Keep away from matches and lighters.
• Do not put things in your mouth that are not food. Keep medicines away from children unless given by an adult.
• Wear a helmet on a bicycle and use seat belts in cars when available.
• Around water (pond, pool, river), always be with an adult and do not run near the water.
• If you see fire or smell gas, move away and call an adult. Do not try to handle it yourself.

Seeking help — what to do if you are in danger or lost:

• Stay calm and try to stay where you are if you are lost. Standing in one place helps adults find you.
• Look for a uniformed person (teacher, policeman), a shopkeeper, or a mother with children and ask for help.
• Tell your name, parents' names, and an address or phone number if you know it.
• Memorize or keep a card with an emergency number. In India the common emergency helpline is 112. Also teachers, parents, doctors and neighbours can help.
• Always tell a trusted adult about accidents, bruises, or if someone touches you in a way that makes you uncomfortable.

Simple steps in an emergency:

1. Stop and stay safe (move away from the danger).
2. Call out loudly for help so others can hear you.
3. Find a trusted adult, teacher, or policeman and tell them what happened.
4. If needed, call the emergency number (ask an adult to call 112 or the local ambulance/police number).

How to remember safety: Teach a short rhyme or rule — for example: "Stop, Look, Listen, Tell" — Stop before doing something risky, Look around, Listen to adults, and Tell a trusted adult.

Why this matters: Following safety rules keeps your body healthy and lets you enjoy play and school. Knowing how to ask for help ensures that when something goes wrong, you get quick support from adults who can keep you safe.