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Key Point: Area of a rectangular room = length × breadth (useful to know how much floor space a shelter has).
A shelter is a place where people or animals live and stay safe. We need shelters to protect us from rain, heat, cold, wind and wild animals. Shelters also give us a place to sleep, eat, study and keep our things.
There are many kinds of shelters. Some are made of strong materials like bricks and concrete (houses and apartments). Some are made of natural or simple materials like mud, straw, wood or leaves (huts, thatched houses, tents). Some animals make their own shelters, for example, birds build nests, bees make hives and rabbits live in burrows.
People choose the kind of shelter based on the weather, the materials available, the place where they live and how many people need to live there. A good shelter is safe, dry, clean, has fresh air and keeps us warm in winter and cool in summer.
Key Point: People per room = Total number of people living in the house ÷ Number of rooms (example: 4 people ÷ 3 rooms = 1.33 people per room)
A house is a place where people live. A good house does many jobs for the people who live in it. Here are the main functions of a house explained simply:
These functions help us live safely, happily and comfortably every day.
Key Point: Total people in a home = sum of all family members (e.g., parents + children + grandparents).
A home is a place where people and animals live. It gives shelter, safety, warmth and a place to sleep, eat and play. Homes look different in different places because of the weather, available materials, culture and work of the people.
Main types of homes:
How materials and place affect homes: In hot places, homes may have thin walls and big windows for airflow. In rainy places, roofs are sloped to let water run off. Near forests, wood is often used; near rivers, homes may be built on stilts to avoid floods.
Why homes are important: They keep us safe from heat, cold, rain and wild animals. Homes also help families live together and store things. Every home should be clean, well-ventilated and safe.
Key Point: Area of a rectangle (useful for floor or wall area) = length × breadth. Example: a wall 4 m long and 2.5 m high has area = 4 × 2.5 = 10 m².
Materials used for building are the things we use to make houses, schools and other shelters. Different materials have different qualities. Some are strong, some keep heat out, some stop water, and some are cheap or easy to find.
Common building materials and their properties:
How to choose a material: Think about the climate (rainy, hot, cold), cost, how strong the material must be, how long you want the house to last, and what is easily available nearby. For example, in a rainy area you need waterproof roofing; in a hot area you might choose materials that keep the house cool.
Care and safety: Some materials need maintenance (wood, thatch). Strong materials (brick, concrete) are better for tall buildings. Using good materials and building carefully keeps people safe.
Key Point: Area of a rectangular room = length × width (units: square metres). Example: a 4 m by 3 m room area = 4 × 3 = 12 m².
What is a house? A house is a place where people live. It keeps us safe from sun, rain, wind and cold. A house has many parts. Each part has a special job.
Main parts of a house and their jobs
How these parts help us
Materials and care
Houses are made from different materials depending on the place and weather. We must keep the house clean, fix broken doors or windows, and clear drains so the house stays safe and comfortable.
Key Point: No formal math formulas are needed for this topic, but here are simple relations to remember:
What are rooms? A room is a part of a house made for a special purpose. Different rooms help us do different activities comfortably and safely.
Common rooms and their uses
Why rooms are useful
How to use rooms safely and responsibly
Things to notice at home or school
Use simple activities: draw your home, label the rooms, and show what each room is used for.
Key Point: Clean Home = Clean Hands + Clean Water + Clean Food + Clean Surroundings
Why a clean home is important
A clean home keeps us safe from germs, insects and illnesses. It makes us feel happy and comfortable. Clean air, clean water, and clean surroundings help children grow healthy and strong.
How children can help: Keep toys in a box, throw wrappers in the dustbin, remind family to wash hands, help wipe surfaces with a cloth.
Key Point: Stop + Look + Ask = Safer choice (Before touching or using something new, stop, look for danger, and ask an adult.)
What is Safety at Home?
Safety at home means doing things and keeping things in a way that stops people from getting hurt. Our home should be a place where everyone — children, parents, grandparents — can live without accidents. We must learn simple rules and follow them every day.
Important safety ideas for children (Class 2 level):
How to remember safety rules:
Why it is important: Following safety rules prevents cuts, burns, falls and other accidents. It keeps everyone healthy and happy at home.
Key Point: Area of a rectangular room = Length × Width (use same units, e.g., meters). Example: 4 m × 3 m = 12 m² (floor area).
What this topic is about
Homes are made, fixed and kept clean by many different people. Each person has a special job. Together they make sure houses are safe, strong and comfortable to live in.
Who helps build homes and what they do
Tools they use
Each person uses special tools: mason uses trowel and bricks, carpenter uses hammer and saw, plumber uses wrench, electrician uses tester and screwdriver, painter uses brushes and rollers.
Safety and teamwork
Workers wear safety gear like helmets and gloves. Building a home is a team work — everyone follows the plan and helps each other so the house is safe and finished on time.
Keeping homes in good condition (Maintenance)
After building, people keep the house working: plumbers fix leaks, electricians repair lights, painters touch up walls and roofers fix leaks. Regular checks help catch small problems before they become big.
Key Point: Area of a rectangular room = length × breadth (useful when planning a room).
What are environments? An environment is the place around us — it can be hot, cold, wet, dry, hilly or flat. Because environments differ, people build different kinds of homes to stay safe, warm or cool, and comfortable.
Why homes differ: Homes are made to suit the climate (hot, cold, rainy), available materials (wood, stone, mud, leaves, snow), the land (mountains, plains, coast), and ways of living (farmers, fishermen, city people, nomads).
Important things every good home should have: safety, protection from weather (rain/cold/heat), enough light and air (ventilation), and strong materials. The choice of home depends on what the family needs and what materials are nearby.
Key Point: Total animals = number of birds + number of dogs + number of cows + ... (use to count animals in shelters)
What are Animal Shelters?
Animal shelters are places where animals live, keep safe and care for their young. Shelters can be made by nature or built by people.
Types of shelters
Why shelters are important
How animals make and use shelters
How children can help
Key Point: Total people in a small neighbourhood = Number of houses × Average people per house. (For example: 20 houses × 4 people = 80 people.)
What is a Community?
A community is a group of people who live near each other and share places and things like homes, schools, parks, shops and roads. People in a community may have the same language, work, festivals or interests. Communities can be small (a few streets) or large (a whole town).
What is a Neighbourhood?
A neighbourhood is the area close to your home — the houses and buildings, the people who live nearby, the local shop, the playground and the school you usually go to. A neighbourhood is part of a community. It is the place where you meet neighbours and see the same faces every day.
Parts of a Neighbourhood and Community
Why Communities and Neighbourhoods are Important
How You Can Be a Good Neighbour
Connections to Shelter
Shelter is part of a neighbourhood. The type of houses (brick, mud, apartment) and their arrangement affects how people live together. Good shelter and clean shared spaces help people stay healthy and happy.
Key Point: Area of wall or ceiling to paint = Length × Height (e.g., 3 m × 2.5 m = 7.5 m²)
What it means
Simple maintenance and repairs are small jobs done to keep our home safe, clean and comfortable. These are easy tasks that children can learn about and sometimes help with, while adults do the work or supervise. Examples are tightening a loose screw, changing a light bulb, fixing a leaky tap, or sewing a small tear in a curtain.
Why it is important
Common simple jobs
Basic tools and materials
How to do a few simple tasks (short steps)
Safety tips
Teaching idea for Class 2
Make a simple checklist poster: Tools needed, Steps, Safety, and Who will help (adult). Let children tick off small tasks they help with, like dusting, tightening a loose screw with supervision, or sorting tools.
Key Point: Area of a rectangular room = length × width (useful for knowing how much floor space you have). Example: a room 4 m long and 3 m wide has area = 4 × 3 = 12 m².
A good house keeps people safe, healthy and comfortable. It should protect from rain, wind, heat and cold, let in fresh air and sunlight, and be easy to keep clean. For children, a good house is also a place where family members can sleep, play and study safely.
Short checklist children can use to check their house: Are the doors and windows strong? Does the roof leak when it rains? Is there enough air and light in your room? Is there clean water to drink? Is the compound free from garbage and standing water?