Chapter 4 — Maps

A map is a flat (two-dimensional) drawing that shows the features of a place as seen from above. Maps are scaled-down, simplified representations of the Earth's surface or parts of it. They help us find locations, measure distances, understand physical features and plan journeys.

Why maps are important

• Show locations and routes (towns, roads, rivers).
• Help in planning (travel, farming, building).
• Explain physical features (mountains, plains) and human features (cities, railways).
• Used in weather forecasting, resource management and many daily tasks (e.g., using Google Maps).

Maps vs. Globes

• Globe: true shape and size of Earth but not portable or detailed for small areas.
• Map: flat, convenient for details and measurements of small/large areas but distorts some shapes or distances depending on projection.

Main elements of a map

• Title: tells what the map shows (e.g., ‘Map of India – Physical Features’).
• Scale: shows how much the real world is reduced. It may be a representative fraction (RF), verbal scale or graphic (bar) scale.
• Direction/Compass rose: shows north, south, east and west (usually north at top).
• Legend/Key: explains symbols and colours used on the map.
• Conventional signs & colours: (blue for water, green for vegetation, brown for hills, black for boundary/roads).
• Grid or coordinates: (latitude and longitude or simple grid lines) used to find exact locations.

Types of maps (brief)

• Physical maps: show natural features (mountains, rivers).
• Political maps: show boundaries, cities.
• Thematic maps: show specific information such as population, rainfall, vegetation.
• Topographic maps: show shape and height of land using contour lines.

How to read a simple map

1. Read the title to know what the map shows.
2. Check the scale to measure distances.
3. Look at the legend to understand symbols and colours.
4. Note the direction using the compass rose.
5. Use the grid or coordinates to locate places precisely.

Simple map-reading example

If a map has RF 1:50,000, then 1 cm on the map = 50,000 cm on the ground (0.5 km). Use the scale to convert map distance to actual distance when planning routes.

What is a Globe?
A globe is a three-dimensional (spherical) scale model of the Earth. It shows the true shape, relative sizes and positions of continents, oceans and latitude–longitude grid. Because it is spherical, it represents directions, distances and areas with minimal distortion.

What is a Map?
A map is a two-dimensional (flat) representation of part or all of the Earth's surface. Maps use symbols, colours and scales to show physical features (mountains, rivers), political boundaries (countries, states), and thematic information (population, climate).

Key features of globes

• 3D model: preserves shapes, areas and directions best.
• Shows the rotation of Earth and helps explain day and night and seasons.
• Has latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians) marked to give coordinates.

Key features of maps

• Flat and portable: easier to carry and print at different scales.
• Use scales, legends (map keys), symbols and compass rose for orientation.
• Different types: political, physical, topographic, thematic (climate, population), road maps, etc.

Globe vs Map — main differences
Because maps are flat, some distortion is unavoidable. Different map projections (Mercator, Robinson, etc.) try to preserve either area, shape, distance or direction, but none preserve all perfectly. Globes avoid these projection distortions but are less convenient for detailed local study or large-scale printing.

How to read location on Globe and Map (Latitude & Longitude)
Latitude: horizontal circles (parallels) measured in degrees north or south of the Equator (0°). Longitude: vertical semicircles (meridians) measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° at Greenwich). A place is located by its coordinates: (latitude, longitude).

Using scale on maps
Scale shows the ratio between distance on the map and actual ground distance. It may be given as a representative fraction (RF) like 1:50,000, a written scale (1 cm = 1 km) or a scale bar. Use the scale to convert map distances to real distances.

When to use each

• Use a globe to explain Earth’s rotation, relative sizes, and true directions on a planetary scale.
• Use maps for navigation, local planning, showing detailed features, and thematic studies.

Practical tips for students

• Always check the map’s scale and legend before measuring distances or interpreting symbols.
• To find a place by lat/long, read latitude first (N/S), then longitude (E/W).
• Remember that 1° of latitude is roughly constant in distance, but 1° of longitude shrinks toward the poles.

Maps are scaled-down, flat representations of the Earth's surface or parts of it. They use symbols, colours, a scale, a legend and a compass direction to show places and relationships. In Class 6 Geography, maps are classified by what they show and how they show it. Major types:

1. Political Maps
Show human-created divisions: countries, states, districts, capitals and major cities. Boundaries are clear and units are usually colour-coded.

2. Physical Maps
Show natural features: mountains, plains, plateaus, rivers, lakes and oceans. They often use shading, hill‑shading or colours to show relief (height) and water features.

3. Topographic (Contour) Maps and Plans
Show detailed shape of the land using contour lines (lines joining points of equal elevation). A plan is a very large-scale map showing a small area (e.g., a school, campus or city block) with details like buildings and roads.

4. Thematic Maps
Focus on a particular theme or subject across an area. Subtypes include:

• Climatic maps (temperature, rainfall)
• Vegetation maps
• Population maps (density, distribution)
• Economic / resource maps (minerals, crops)
• Road and transport maps
• Weather maps (pressure, fronts)

5. Sketch Maps and Mental Maps
Simple hand-drawn maps used for quick showing of features; mental maps are the images people hold in their minds about a place.

Key map elements: scale (shows map to ground relation), legend (explains symbols), compass rose (direction), grid (latitude–longitude or local coordinates).

How they are used in real life: Political maps for civics and travel planning, physical maps for understanding landscapes, topographic maps for surveying and engineering, thematic maps for planning resources, weather maps for forecasts, road maps/GPS for navigation.

What is a map? A map is a drawing that represents a part of the Earth’s surface on a flat sheet. To read and use a map correctly we must know its main elements. These elements make the map understandable, accurate and useful.

Main elements of a map

• Title: Gives the map’s subject (for example, 'Map of Delhi' or 'School Campus Map'). It tells the user what area or theme the map shows.
• Legend (Key): Explains the symbols and colours used on the map (e.g., blue for rivers, dashed line for footpaths). Without a legend, symbols can be confusing.
• Scale: Shows the relationship between distances on the map and actual ground distances. Scales can be shown as a statement (‘1 cm represents 1 km’), a ratio or representative fraction (RF, e.g. 1:100,000), or a linear (graphic) scale bar.
• Direction (Compass Rose or North Arrow): Indicates orientation—where north, south, east and west are. Most maps show north at the top; the compass rose makes this explicit.
• Grid and Coordinates / Index: A system (letters and numbers, or latitude and longitude) used to locate places on the map precisely. A grid index helps find a place quickly (e.g., B3).
• Border and Margins: The neat frame around the map often contains the title, scale, legend, date and source. Margins keep the map readable and professional.
• Insets and Locator Maps: Small additional maps showing a detailed view of a small area (inset) or the location of the mapped area within a larger region (locator map).
• Source and Date: Tell when the map was made and where the information came from. This helps judge accuracy and currency.

How these elements work together — a short example: On a tourist map of a city, the title tells you the city name; the legend shows symbols for museums, hotels and bus stops; the scale lets you estimate how far the museum is from your hotel; the compass rose helps you walk in the right direction; and the grid helps you find a specific street quickly.

Tips for students: Always check the title, legend, scale and direction first when you start reading any map. Practice converting map distances to real distances using the scale and use the grid to locate places precisely.

What is a map scale?
A map scale tells us how distances on a map relate to real distances on the ground. It is a ratio that shows how many times smaller the map is compared to the real world. Without scale a map cannot tell us how far places are from each other.

Types of scales

• Representative Fraction (RF) / Ratio scale: shown as 1:n (for example 1:50,000). This means 1 unit on the map = n of the same units on the ground (1 cm on the map = 50,000 cm on the ground).
• Statement (verbal) scale: written in words (for example, "1 cm represents 2 km").
• Linear (bar) scale: a drawn line divided into equal parts and labelled with ground distances (easy to use with a ruler).

How to use a scale (step-by-step)

• Check which type of scale is given (RF, statement, or bar).
• If RF is given (1:n): multiply map distance by n to get ground distance in the same units, then convert units if needed.
• If a statement scale is given (1 cm = x km): multiply measured map cm by x to get kilometres directly.
• If a bar scale is given: measure the map distance with a ruler or divider, then compare against the bar segments to read off the ground distance.

Large-scale vs Small-scale maps
Large-scale maps show a small area with lots of detail (e.g., 1:10,000). Small-scale maps show a large area with less detail (e.g., 1:1,000,000).

Important tips

• Always use the same units when multiplying (convert cm→m→km as needed).
• For RF scales, if the RF is 1:100,000, then 1 cm on map = 100,000 cm = 1 km (because 100,000 cm = 1,000 m = 1 km).
• Use a bar scale if the map has been resized (copied or printed) — the RF may no longer match a printed map, but the bar scale printed on the copy remains correct.

What are Directions? Directions tell us where something is located relative to another point. On maps and in everyday life we use the four cardinal directions — North (N), East (E), South (S) and West (W) — and the four intercardinal (ordinal) directions — Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW), Northwest (NW). These eight can be further subdivided for more precision.

Compass and Compass Rose
The compass is an instrument that shows direction by using a magnetic needle. A compass rose is the diagram on maps showing cardinal and intermediate directions; it usually marks North clearly (often with an arrow or the letter N).

Bearing (angles of direction)
Directions can also be given as bearings — angles measured clockwise from North. For example: N is 0° (or 360°), E is 90°, S is 180°, W is 270°. NE is 45°, SE 135°, SW 225° and NW 315°. Bearings are useful for precise navigation and map reading.

Magnetic North vs True North
The compass needle points toward magnetic north, which is not exactly the same as true (geographic) north. The small angle between them is called magnetic declination. Maps usually show true north; when using a compass with a map you may need to add or subtract the declination to convert between magnetic and true bearings.

How to use a compass with a map (simple steps)

• Place the map on a flat surface and locate a known landmark.
• Hold the compass flat and turn your body until the compass needle lines up with the north mark on the compass (needle pointing to magnetic north).
• Rotate the map so the map's north (map grid or compass rose) points to the same north as the compass needle. Now the map is oriented.
• To go to a place, find the bearing on the map (angle from north) or use the compass to follow the correct direction.

Simple rules and tips

• The Sun rises roughly in the East and sets roughly in the West. At noon (local), the Sun is generally toward the South in the Northern Hemisphere — use this to estimate directions.
• If you face East, your right hand is South and left hand is North (useful classroom trick).
• On maps, the top is usually North, but always check the map’s north arrow.

Why this matters
Knowing directions helps in reading maps, finding places, giving/understanding instructions (e.g., "turn left then head north-east"), and in many real-life activities like hiking, sailing and travelling.

What are map symbols? Map symbols are simple signs or pictures used on maps to represent real objects and features on the ground (like rivers, roads, buildings, forests). They make maps easier to read because drawing every detail at actual size is impossible.

Why do we use symbols? Symbols save space, simplify complex features, and follow standard conventions so different map users understand the map quickly.

Types of symbols

• Point symbols: Represent objects too small to show as areas at map scale (e.g., towns, wells, churches). Often shown as dots, stars, or small icons.
• Line symbols: Show linear features such as roads, rivers, railways, and boundaries. Line thickness or style (solid, dashed) can show importance or type.
• Area (or surface) symbols: Represent extensive features like forests, lakes, agricultural land, and built-up areas. These use colours, patterns, or shading.
• Pictorial symbols: Small pictures or icons (e.g., a tree for forest). Useful for school maps and tourist maps but sometimes replaced by conventional symbols on large or official maps.

Colours and patterns: Colours have common meanings (blue for water, green for vegetation, brown for relief/contours, black for man-made features, red for major roads). Patterns (dots, cross-hatching) can show land use types.

The legend (key) is a box on the map that explains what each symbol, colour, and line style means. Always look at the legend first — it decodes the map. A good legend groups symbols by type (transport, water, settlement, vegetation) and uses the same scale and orientation as the map symbols.

Conventions and clarity: Standard symbols help users transfer knowledge from one map to another. Symbols must be clear, not confusing, and sized to fit map scale. Legends should be neat, limited in number of symbols, and placed where they are easy to find.

How to read a map using symbols and legend — quick steps

1. Locate the legend and note colours and symbol meanings.
2. Match symbols on the map to those in the legend.
3. Use line types and colours to identify roads, rivers, and boundaries.
4. Combine symbol information with the scale and compass to understand real distances and directions.

Teaching tip for Class 6: Give students a simple neighbourhood map without a legend and ask them to create the legend. Then swap maps so they read others' legends.

What is the grid system? The grid system on Earth is formed by imaginary horizontal and vertical lines called parallels (latitude) and meridians (longitude). Together they form a network that helps us find the exact position of any place.

Latitude (parallels): These are horizontal imaginary lines that run east–west. They measure how far a place is north or south of the Equator (0°). Values go from 0° at the Equator to 90° N at the North Pole and 90° S at the South Pole. Important latitudes: Equator (0°), Tropic of Cancer (approx. 23.5° N), Tropic of Capricorn (approx. 23.5° S), Arctic Circle (approx. 66.5° N), Antarctic Circle (approx. 66.5° S).

Longitude (meridians): These are vertical imaginary lines that run from pole to pole. They measure how far a place is east or west of the Prime Meridian (0°) which passes through Greenwich, England. Longitude values run from 0° to 180° E or W. The International Date Line is roughly along 180° longitude.

How to write and read coordinates: A location is given as (latitude, longitude). Latitude is written first, then longitude. Example: 28.6° N, 77.2° E. The hemisphere is shown by N or S for latitude and E or W for longitude.

Degrees, minutes and seconds (DMS): Each degree (°) is divided into 60 minutes (') and each minute into 60 seconds ("). Example: 28° 40' 0" N. This can be converted to decimal degrees when needed.

Uses of latitude and longitude: navigation (ships, planes), GPS, locating cities on maps, calculating distances, weather forecasting, time zones and daily life uses like mapping and emergency services.

What is Location? Location tells us where a place is on Earth. There are two main ways to describe a location: absolute location and relative location.

Absolute location gives the exact position of a place using the geographic coordinate system of latitude and longitude. Latitudes are horizontal lines (parallels) measured in degrees north or south of the Equator (0°). Longitudes are vertical lines (meridians) measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° at Greenwich). A coordinate is written as latitude first, then longitude, for example 28.6139°N, 77.2090°E.

How to read absolute location:

• Degrees (°), minutes (') and seconds ("): 1° = 60' and 1' = 60".
• Example: 28°37'N 77°13'E means 28 degrees 37 minutes north and 77 degrees 13 minutes east.
• GPS devices and maps normally give coordinates in decimal degrees (e.g., 28.6139°N) or in deg-min-sec format.

Relative location describes where a place is compared to other places using directions, distances, or landmarks. It does not give exact coordinates but is useful for everyday directions.

Examples of relative descriptions: "The library is next to the school," "Mumbai is west of Pune," or "Our house is 2 km north of the railway station." Relative location uses words like north, south, near, next to, between and distances (km, m).

Key differences:

• Absolute location = exact and fixed (latitude & longitude).
• Relative location = descriptive, changes with the observer or point of reference.

Why both matter:

• Absolute location is essential for navigation, maps, GPS and global positioning.
• Relative location is easier for daily use, giving simple directions and using familiar landmarks.

How to find locations on maps:

• Find latitude by reading the horizontal lines (parallels). Use the numbers on the map border.
• Find longitude by reading the vertical lines (meridians). Use the numbers on the map border.
• Where the latitude and longitude lines cross is the absolute location.

Simple classroom activities:

• Mark the coordinates of your city on a world map.
• Give a partner relative directions from the classroom to the playground using landmarks and distances.

What is a map? A map is a simplified, scaled-down drawing of the earth's surface (or part of it) made on a flat surface. Maps show locations, distances, directions, physical features and human-made features in a way that is easier to understand than looking at the real area.

Key elements of a map

• Title – tells what area or theme the map covers (e.g., Map of Delhi, Rainfall Map of India).
• Scale – shows the relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground (can be a representative fraction, statement scale or scale bar).
• Legend/Key – explains symbols and colours used on the map (e.g., blue for rivers, black dots for cities).
• Direction/Compass Rose – shows the map’s orientation (usually North at top); helps to find directions (N, S, E, W).
• Grid and Grid References – lines of longitude/latitude or a simple grid that helps locate places using coordinates or grid numbers.
• Contour lines / Heights – on physical maps, contour lines show elevation and shape of the land. Close contours = steep slope; wide apart = gentle slope.

How to read a map — step by step

1. Read the title to know the map’s subject and area.
2. Check the scale to measure real distances from the map.
3. Look at the legend to understand symbols and colours.
4. Use the compass to find directions (e.g., if your home is north of school).
5. If given a grid, use grid references (four-figure or six-figure) to locate a point precisely.
6. For physical maps, study contour lines to know heights and slopes; draw a cross-section if needed to see terrain profile.

Common map types you will use

• Political maps – show boundaries, cities and towns.
• Physical maps – show natural features such as rivers, mountains and plains.
• Thematic maps – focus on one theme, e.g., rainfall, population, vegetation.
• Road maps – show roads, distances and routes for travel.

Practical tips: Always compare the legend with what you see on the map; use a ruler and the scale to measure distances; for hiking or planning routes, use contour spacing to decide how steep a route is.

What is Topographic (Relief) Representation?
Topography or relief representation is the way map-makers show the shape of the Earth's surface — hills, valleys, slopes, plateaus and depressions — on a flat map. Since a map is two-dimensional, special methods (contours, spot heights, shading, tints, cross‑sections) are used to show the third dimension: elevation.

Common methods

• Contour lines: Lines drawn joining points of equal elevation. They are the most common method on topographic maps.
• Index contours: Heavier or labelled contours at regular intervals (for easy reading).
• Spot heights and bench marks: Exact elevations of specific points are written as numbers on the map.
• Hypsometric (layer) tints: Different colours or shades fill elevation bands to show height ranges (e.g., green for lowlands, brown for highlands).
• Hachures and form lines: Short lines or sketch lines showing slope direction or approximate form (used in older or small-scale maps).
• Shaded relief: Light and shadow effects drawn to give a 3D impression of slopes.
• Cross-sections (profiles): Vertical slice showing elevation change along a line on the map (elevation vs. distance graph).

Key properties of contour lines

• Each contour joins points of the same height.
• Contour lines never cross each other (except on overhangs, unusual cliffs — not shown on normal topographic maps).
• Contours form closed loops (even if part of the loop lies off the map edge).
• Contour interval is constant on a map — the vertical difference between two adjacent contours.
• Contours that are close together indicate steep slopes; widely spaced contours indicate gentle slopes.
• Contours form a "V" shape when crossing streams or valleys; the V points upstream (toward higher elevation).
• Depressions are shown by contours with short inward ticks or hachures on the lower side.

How to read and use a contour map (simple steps)

1. Find the contour interval from the map legend (for example, 20 m).
2. Read labelled index contours to know absolute elevations.
3. Locate peaks (concentric closed contours) and depressions (contours with hachures).
4. Decide slope steepness by contour spacing.
5. To find elevation of a point between contours, interpolate proportionally between surrounding contour heights.

Why it is useful
Topographic representation helps hikers, engineers, planners, farmers and students to understand terrain for navigation, road or rail alignment, water flow, construction, soil conservation and disaster management (e.g., predicting flood-prone areas).

Simple classroom activity — making a cross-section
Draw a line (A–B) across a contour map. Mark where the line crosses each contour and note those contour elevations. Measure map distances between crossings and convert to real distances using the map scale. On graph paper, put distance along the horizontal axis and elevation on the vertical axis, plot the points and join them smoothly to produce the ground profile.

Tips for Class 6 students

• Remember: "V points upstream" for rivers and streams.
• Closely spaced contours = steep; widely spaced = gentle.
• Index contours help you count heights faster (they are usually every 4th or 5th contour).

What is surveying? Surveying is the process of measuring positions, distances and angles on the ground to record the shape, size and features of an area. It provides the basic measurements needed to make accurate maps.

What is a map? A map is a drawing that shows the location, size and relationships of features (roads, rivers, buildings, mountains) on the ground. Maps use symbols, a scale and a legend so we can read them easily.

Basic steps in map-making

• Reconnaissance: visit the area and decide what to include.
• Measurement (surveying): measure distances and directions between points using simple tools.
• Plotting: place the measured points on paper using a chosen scale.
• Drawing and labelling: draw features, add symbols, compass rose, scale and legend.

Common tools

• Measuring tape or chain — to measure distances.
• Compass — to find directions (N, S, E, W) and bearings.
• Plane-table and alidade (simple drawing and sighting tools) — for direct plotting in the field.
• Tape measure or ruler and graph paper — for small-area plans (school, garden).

Scale: The scale shows how much the real place is reduced to fit on paper. Common forms are:

• Representative Fraction (RF): 1 : 50,000 means 1 unit on map = 50,000 units on ground.
• Statement scale: 1 cm represents 500 m.
• Graphic (scale bar): a drawn line that shows distances.

Symbols and legend: Instead of drawing every tree or building in detail, maps use standard symbols (e.g., blue line for rivers, brown for contour lines). The legend explains these symbols.

Contours and elevation: Contour lines join places of equal height. The height difference between two nearby contours is the contour interval. Close contours = steep slope; wide apart = gentle slope. A profile (cross-section) can show how height changes along a line.

Simple surveying methods for students: For a small area like a school ground, you can measure distances with a tape, note directions with a compass, mark important points, then draw the plan on graph paper using a convenient scale (for example 1 block = 1 m or 1 cm = 2 m).

What is an atlas? An atlas is a book of maps. It contains many types of maps (political, physical, climatic, road maps, thematic maps) arranged in a logical order. An atlas usually begins with a title page, a list of contents, an introduction explaining symbols and scales, followed by maps and an index at the back.

What is a map index? A map index (or atlas index) is an alphabetical list of place names (cities, rivers, mountains, landmarks) with references that tell you exactly where each place is located in the atlas. A typical reference gives a page number and a grid reference (a letter and a number) that points to a small square on the map.

How the atlas and map index are arranged:

• Contents: shows which maps are on which pages (e.g., World Map, India — Physical, India — Political).
• Legend or key: explains map symbols and colours.
• Scale information: tells how distances on the map relate to real distances.
• Maps: each map page is usually overlaid with a grid (columns numbered and rows lettered).
• Index: alphabetical list at the back with entries like "Jaipur — 22 C3" (meaning: page 22, grid C3).

Using the map index — step by step:

1. Open the index and find the place name alphabetically (e.g., "Agra").
2. Note the page number and grid reference given (for example: 15 D4).
3. Turn to the page number listed in the atlas.
4. Use the grid letters and numbers printed along the edges of the map to find the correct square (for example, column 4 and row D).
5. Look inside that grid square to locate the exact place.

Grid reference conventions: Different atlases use slightly different orders (some give letter then number, some number then letter). Always check the atlas front pages or title page for the convention. Many atlases show columns numbered left-to-right and rows lettered top-to-bottom.

Why atlas and index are useful: They let students and travellers find places quickly without scanning every map. Atlases group maps by theme and scale; the index connects place names to the correct map and small area on that map.

Tips for students:

• Learn the grid pattern on each map page — which edge has numbers and which has letters.
• Use the legend to recognize symbols (capitals, rivers, railways) once you reach the right grid square.
• If a place is large it may appear in several grid squares — check the map carefully.

Maps are scaled drawings of the Earth or parts of it. They show where places are and the relationships between them. Maps use symbols, a legend, a scale and directions (compass) to represent real-world features on paper or a screen.

Main uses of maps:

• Finding places and directions: Maps help locate towns, rivers, mountains and guide us from one place to another using roads, railways and paths.
• Measuring distance and area: Using the map scale you can calculate how far two places are and estimate areas (fields, forests, cities).
• Navigation and transport: Drivers, sailors and pilots use maps and charts to plan and follow routes safely.
• Planning and development: Urban planners, engineers and architects use maps for building roads, housing, canals and public utilities.
• Resource management: Maps show locations of water, minerals, forests and soil types so farmers, miners and foresters can plan use and conservation.
• Disaster management and safety: Rescue teams and emergency planners use maps to identify safe routes, flood-prone areas and evacuation zones.
• Weather and environment: Meteorological maps show rainfall, temperature and storm tracks; environmental maps show pollution, wildlife habitats and land use.
• Education and history: Maps teach geography, show historical changes (borders, trade routes) and compare places.
• Thematic uses: Thematic maps (population, rainfall, language, crops) display specific information to compare regions at a glance.

How to use a map (quick steps):

1. Read the title to know the area and purpose.
2. Check the legend (symbols) to understand features.
3. Note the scale to measure distances.
4. Use the compass rose to find directions (N, S, E, W).
5. Measure map distance with a ruler and convert using the scale to get real distance.

Maps are essential tools in everyday life—from a student finding a route to school, to a government planning towns, to rescuers responding to disasters. Because they simplify and represent reality clearly, maps help people make decisions quickly and accurately.