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Chapter 4 — Quadratic Equations

Class 10 · Mathematics Old

Overview

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Learning Objectives

  • Define a quadratic equation in one variable and state its standard form ax^2 + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0.
  • Explain the meaning of roots (zeros) of a quadratic equation and their relation to x-intercepts of the parabola y = ax^2 + bx + c.
  • Identify the coefficients a, b, c of a quadratic equation and determine its degree.
  • Convert a given quadratic expression or equation into standard form by simplifying and rearranging terms.
  • Factorise quadratic trinomials with integer coefficients and use factorisation to solve quadratic equations.
  • Solve quadratic equations by completing the square and interpret each algebraic step.
  • Apply the quadratic formula x = [-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac)]/(2a) to obtain roots and justify its use.
  • Apply the discriminant Δ = b^2 - 4ac to determine and justify the nature and number of roots (real and distinct, real and equal, or complex).

Practice Questions

  1. Define a quadratic equation in one variable and state its standard form. / एक चर वाले द्विघात समीकरण को परिभाषित कीजिए और इसका मानक रूप लिखिए।
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    A quadratic equation in one variable is a polynomial equation of degree 2, written in standard form as ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. / एक चर वाला द्विघात समीकरण घात 2 का बहुपद समीकरण है, जिसका मानक रूप ax^2 + bx + c = 0 है, जहाँ a, b, c वास्तविक संख्याएँ हैं और a ≠ 0 है।

  2. What are the roots (zeros) of a quadratic equation, and how do they relate to the graph y = ax^2 + bx + c? / द्विघात समीकरण के मूल (शून्यक) क्या होते हैं, और इनका सम्बन्ध आलेख y = ax^2 + bx + c से कैसे है?
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    The roots are the values of x that satisfy ax^2 + bx + c = 0; geometrically they are the x-coordinates of the points where the parabola y = ax^2 + bx + c cuts the x-axis (its x-intercepts). / मूल x के वे मान हैं जो ax^2 + bx + c = 0 को संतुष्ट करते हैं; ज्यामितीय रूप से ये वे बिंदु हैं जहाँ परवलय y = ax^2 + bx + c, x-अक्ष को काटता है (इसके x-अंतःखंड)।

  3. Solve x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 by factorisation. / गुणनखंडन द्वारा x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 को हल कीजिए।
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    Splitting the middle term: x^2 - 2x - 3x + 6 = 0, so x(x-2) - 3(x-2) = 0, giving (x-2)(x-3) = 0; hence x = 2 or x = 3. / मध्य पद को विभाजित करने पर: x^2 - 2x - 3x + 6 = 0, अर्थात x(x-2) - 3(x-2) = 0, जिससे (x-2)(x-3) = 0; अतः x = 2 या x = 3।

  4. Solve x^2 - 4x + 1 = 0 by completing the square. / पूर्ण वर्ग बनाकर x^2 - 4x + 1 = 0 को हल कीजिए।
    Show answer

    x^2 - 4x = -1; add (4/2)^2 = 4 to both sides: x^2 - 4x + 4 = 3, so (x-2)^2 = 3; therefore x - 2 = ±√3, giving x = 2 ± √3. / x^2 - 4x = -1; दोनों ओर (4/2)^2 = 4 जोड़ें: x^2 - 4x + 4 = 3, अर्थात (x-2)^2 = 3; अतः x - 2 = ±√3, जिससे x = 2 ± √3।

  5. Write the quadratic formula and use it to find the roots of 2x^2 + x - 6 = 0. / द्विघात सूत्र लिखिए और इसका उपयोग करके 2x^2 + x - 6 = 0 के मूल ज्ञात कीजिए।
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    The quadratic formula is x = [-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac)]/(2a). Here a=2, b=1, c=-6, so b^2-4ac = 1+48 = 49; x = (-1 ± 7)/4, giving x = 3/2 or x = -2. / द्विघात सूत्र है x = [-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac)]/(2a)। यहाँ a=2, b=1, c=-6, अतः b^2-4ac = 1+48 = 49; x = (-1 ± 7)/4, जिससे x = 3/2 या x = -2।

  6. What is the discriminant of a quadratic equation, and how does it determine the nature of the roots? / द्विघात समीकरण का विविक्तकर क्या है, और यह मूलों की प्रकृति किस प्रकार निर्धारित करता है?
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    The discriminant is Δ = b^2 - 4ac. If Δ > 0 the roots are real and distinct, if Δ = 0 they are real and equal, and if Δ < 0 there are no real roots. / विविक्तकर Δ = b^2 - 4ac है। यदि Δ > 0 हो तो मूल वास्तविक और भिन्न होते हैं, यदि Δ = 0 हो तो वास्तविक और बराबर, और यदि Δ < 0 हो तो कोई वास्तविक मूल नहीं होता।

  7. For what value of k does the equation x^2 - 2kx + 9 = 0 have equal roots? / k के किस मान के लिए समीकरण x^2 - 2kx + 9 = 0 के मूल बराबर होंगे?
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    Equal roots require Δ = 0, so (-2k)^2 - 4(1)(9) = 0, i.e. 4k^2 - 36 = 0, giving k^2 = 9 and k = ±3. / बराबर मूलों के लिए Δ = 0 आवश्यक है, अतः (-2k)^2 - 4(1)(9) = 0, अर्थात 4k^2 - 36 = 0, जिससे k^2 = 9 और k = ±3।

  8. The product of two consecutive positive integers is 56. Form a quadratic equation and find the integers. / दो क्रमागत धनात्मक पूर्णांकों का गुणनफल 56 है। एक द्विघात समीकरण बनाइए और पूर्णांक ज्ञात कीजिए।
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    Let the integers be x and x+1; then x(x+1) = 56, i.e. x^2 + x - 56 = 0, which factorises as (x+8)(x-7) = 0; taking the positive value x = 7, the integers are 7 and 8. / पूर्णांक x और x+1 मानें; तब x(x+1) = 56, अर्थात x^2 + x - 56 = 0, जो (x+8)(x-7) = 0 के रूप में गुणनखंडित होता है; धनात्मक मान x = 7 लेने पर पूर्णांक 7 और 8 हैं।

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